Research Information System
Frontiers in Medicine, vol.12, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
Objective: This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the effects of different colony-stimulating factor regimens in patients with recurrent implantation failure who underwent euploid embryo transfer. Methods: In total, 293 women with a history of recurrent implantation failure were included. The participants were divided into three groups: Group 1 received intrauterine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 5 days before embryo transfer; Group 2 received both intrauterine G-CSF and subcutaneous G-CSF from 5 days before embryo transfer until pregnancy; and Group 3 served as the control. Hormonal treatment included a 14-day regimen of oral estradiol followed by vaginal and intramuscular progesterone. Results: Primary outcomes included pregnancy, biochemical pregnancy, miscarriage, and live birth rates. The pregnancy rate (positive serum hCG) was significantly higher in group 2 compared to the control (65.9% vs. 50.5%). Group 1 had a higher pregnancy rate than the control, but the difference was not statistically significant (56.8% vs. 50.5%). Live birth rates were statistically significantly higher in Group 2 than Group 3 (55.7% vs. 40.6%). Group 2 had a higher live birth rate than group 1, but the difference was not statistically significant (55.7% vs. 47.3%). Although Group 1 had a higher live birth rate than Group 3, the difference was not statistically significant (47.3% vs. 40.6%). Conclusion: Addition of subcutaneous G-CSF to intrauterine injections may be associated with improved positive pregnancy test results and live birth rates in recurrent implantation failure.