Demirbolat M. G., Eryılmaz M., Junejo B.
FABAD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, cilt.51, sa.2, ss.1019-1040, 2026 (Scopus)
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Yayın Türü:
Makale / Derleme
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Cilt numarası:
51
Sayı:
2
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Basım Tarihi:
2026
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Doi Numarası:
10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1847772
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Dergi Adı:
FABAD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
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Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler:
Health Research Premium Collection (ProQuest), Scopus, Pharma Collection (ProQuest), EMBASE
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Sayfa Sayıları:
ss.1019-1040
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Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Üniversitesi Adresli:
Evet
Özet
Antibiotic resistance is an increasing global health problem that requires innovative strategies beyond traditional antibiotic therapies. The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria has made many standard antibiotics ineffective, underscoring the need for alternative antimicrobial agents. With their unique physicochemical properties, nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention in the pharmaceutical sector. Their high surface area and nanoscale size offer significant advantages, making them promising candidates for overcoming the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance. Among these, metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have gained substantial attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, and ability to target multidrug-resistant pathogens. This review explores the potential of MONPs, including zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), silver oxide (Ag2O), copper oxide (CuO), magnesium oxide (MgO), iron oxide (Fe3O4), cerium oxide (CeO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) NPs, as innovative alternatives to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. These NPs exert antimicrobial effects through multiple mechanisms, including the formation of reactive oxygen species, disruption of bacterial membranes, and inhibition of essential enzymes, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death. In addition to their direct bactericidal effects, MONPs exhibit significant potential in biofilm penetration and inhibition, a crucial feature since biofilms significantly contribute to bacterial resistance. Furthermore, MONPs demonstrate synergistic interactions with conventional antibiotics, potentially reducing the required dosage and associated side effects of these drugs. Despite their therapeutic potential, the use of MONPs is limited due to concerns about toxicity to human cells and environmental impact. Ongoing research aims to optimize MONPs to enhance antimicrobial efficacy while reducing adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of MONPs as alternative antimicrobial agents, detailing their mechanisms of action, applications in combating antibiotic resistance, and recent advances in nanoparticle design to improve safety profiles. By highlighting the opportunities and challenges of MONPs, this review seeks to contribute to developing more effective therapies against antibiotic-resistant infections and insights into their future clinical applications.